Whitman’s Use of Extended Metaphor in O Captain! My Captain!

Whitman’s Use of Extended Metaphor in â€Å"O Captain! My Captain!† Captain Lincoln Steers the Ship to victory. â€Å"Where on the deck my captain lies Fallen cold and dead.†(7-8) This quote from the story refers to the assassination of President Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was President during the Civil War, and is considered to be one of the greatest presidents of all time. President Lincoln was assassinated on April 14,1865 and was in a coma for 9 hours before he died. With the death of the President the nation lost it’s most important man and a great father and husband. The elegy â€Å"O Captain! My Captain!† by Walt Whitman is an extended metaphor about President Lincoln’s presidency because it compares Lincoln to a ships captain, the Union†¦show more content†¦Although they lost the first battle of the war at Fort Sumter the Union army’s spirit was unconquerable. A great example of this is the Battle of Gettysburg a lso known as the turning point of the civil war. The confederate states marched to Gettysburg and intended to defeat the union there and then take the union capitol in Washington D.C. Although they intended to do this the union with the hearts of lions took the battle head on and weather’d it and eventually won just like they had done in previous battles. This was the bloodiest battle of the trip otherwise known as the Civil War. In the poem â€Å"O Captain! My Captain!† Whitman compares the Civil War to a trip. â€Å"...our fearful trip is done† (1). The Civil War was one of the nations scariest wars. It was scary to the nation because no matter who won we were losing as a unit. During the war no matter who won the country was losing lives because every single soldier in the war was from the U.S.A. If the south won the nation hurt because they would secede and slavery was still intact, if the north won the nation was not as badly hurt but we still lost countless lives but ended slavery and secession. It could also be compared to a trip because what people thought was going to last a day if that lasted almost 5 years. In conclusion Whitman’s metaphor depicted the Civil War exceptionally. Walt Whitman’s elegy â€Å"O Captain! My Captain!† is an extended metaphor due to theShow MoreRelated Whitmans O Captain! My Captain! And Dickinsons Hope is a Thing with Feathers86 0 Words   |  4 PagesWhitmans O Captain! My Captain! And Dickinsons Hope is a Thing with Feathers America experienced profound changes during the mid 1800’s. New technologies and ideas helped the nation grow, while the Civil War ripped the nation apart. During this tumultuous period, two great American writers captured their ideas in poetry. Their poems give us insight into the time period, as well as universal insight about life. Although polar opposites in personality, Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman createdRead More Dealing with Death in Whitman’s O Captain! My Captain! and Tennyson’s Crossing the Bar1030 Words   |  5 PagesDealing with Death in Whitman’s O Captain! My Captain! and Tennyson’s Crossing the Bar Life and death are recurring topics in literature; they are not often referred to directly, but are inferred from figurative language. In Walt Whitman’s poem entitled â€Å"O Captain! My Captain† from his anthology of poems, Leaves of Grass, he describes the passing of Abraham Lincoln through the use of an extended metaphor. Similarly, â€Å"Crossing the Bar,† by Lord Alfred Tennyson, from his collection of poetryRead MoreAnalysis Of O Captain My Captain702 Words   |  3 PagesO Captain! My Captain! By Walt Whitman is short a poem about the assassination of 16th president, Abraham Lincoln and was written to honor his short life and his work while in office. While initially reading the text, it seems as though the essay is referring to a captain on a ship, who has suddenly passed away. However, looking at the historical context when this was written, and Whitmans position as a staunch Unionist, one can decipher the true meaning of the poem. Through the use of extendedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem O Captain ! My Captain 1846 Words   |  8 PagesWhitman’s â€Å"O Captain! My Captain!† was written about the assassination of Abraham Lincoln which gives the poem a strong sense of historical context. The context of the poem gives it the emotional connection and remembrance that so many Americans know and honor each year. When it comes to remembering and honoring him, Walt Whitman was a very good poet that wrote very good poems about Lincoln. Walt Whitman was alive when Abe was assassinated so that gives Whitman a real time view of the effects ofRead MoreA Rose For Emily Analysis1822 Words   |  8 PagesRose for Emily†? It reveals that it was not long ago that Miss Emily had laid her head on the pillow next to the decaying Homer Barron. When this man was last seen, Miss Emily took on characteristics of a woman of youth. It is not until after an extended period of time that Homer Barron is not seen, all the while Miss Emily’s her character begins to take on a more elderly traits. The narrator describes that her hair â€Å"grew grayer and grayer until it attained an even pepper-and-salt iron gray, when

Physical Development ( Fine And Gross Motor Skills

Typical physical development (fine and gross motor skills) at this age Fine Motor skills: Kearns states in ( pg 186-170) that fine motor skills involve all functions involving the use of the wrist, palm of the hand and fingers. While children at this stage may appear to have endless energy, they can still tire easily, so a balance of rest and activity is still necessary. Some children in this stage may appear unsuitable attempting one skill, while appearing quite accomplished at other skills; for example, they may draw well but have poor ball skills. Gross Motor Skills: In the age of 6 years old, it becomes increasingly difficult to describe changes and differences in motor skills development. The following are assessed during this stage. 1. Running. This will become faster depending on the length of stride and tempo. 2. Jumping. The ability to jump higher will become greater due to body size, weight, age and strength. 3. Throwing. Boys begin to throw further with a better technique and accuracy. 4. Balancing and coordination. This increases as the child becomes older and control is perfected. These areas can benefit greatly from systematic instruction in motor skills, and physical education programs at school. The quality and type of environment a child is exposed to will influence the extent to which the child develops the motor skills learned in the first two stages of development. Furthermore a child s motor interests will be determined by his or her opportunities.Show MoreRelatedHuman Development: Gross and Fine Motor Skills1272 Words   |  6 Pages Development begins in the womb. The fetus develops organs and grows many times its size during this time. Once the child is born it is even more important that the environment helps with normal infant physical and mental growth. At birth, infant senses function through eyes, ears, nose, and tongue. Through these senses they explore their world and sensations occur. Perception occurs when the brain processes these sensations. Infant movements are involuntary (reflexes). Reflexes help the infantRead MoreMy First Year Of An Infant s Gross Motor Skill1095 Words   |  5 Pagesfocuses on 6 different gross motor milestones that generally occur during the first year of an infant’s life. These milestones are head control, segmental rolling, sitting, crawling, standing and walking. Each milestone is then broken down into phases to show the progression of the gross motor skill and when each phase typically occurs. Each milestone is accompanied by a video clip that demonstrates the progression of the milestone. Why the topic was chosen I chose motor development in infants from birthRead MoreEffects Of Motor Skills On Children1747 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The use of motor skills can affect a child physically, mentally, and visually when it comes to the child’s ability to perform on-task in school. In fact, some children’s brains take longer to function and perform task than other children in school. Not only can a child’s school behavior be affected from their use of motor skills, but their everyday lives are affected as well. That is why parents, teachers, and supporters of children who may experience difficulties with motor skills should be awareRead MoreTheories And Theories Of Human Development1337 Words   |  6 PagesAshley Grant EDPY 503 10/11/17 Principles of Human Development Paper #1 The concepts and theories of human development are important for a school counselor to have knowledge on. Knowledge on these topics can aid the counselor in better understanding the circumstances of their students. There are three main developmental sections which will be discussed in this paper. Those three include physical development, cognitive development, and social development. Each section contains multiple theories and conceptsRead MorePhysical Development in Middle Childhood1324 Words   |  6 Pagesstudent’s physical development is changing dramatically and as teachers we need to understand the changes they are going through so we can adjust the learning environment accordingly. By â€Å"physical† I of course mean the development of the body, brain and motor skills. I will now explain the importance of all factors needed for excellent physical growth and development in the middle childhood years. 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A teacher should observe and assess the development of the learnersâ €™ fine-motor coordination and gross-motor developmental milestones during outdoor play. However, children grow at different rates, which is an indication that a child may regress in a skill or reach a milestone earlier than another. Therefore, teachers should use the developmentalRead MoreSex : Female Location : Benjamin Franklin Elementary1162 Words   |  5 PagesEmma’s age. The three main domains being Physical, Socio-emotional, and Cognitive. Physical Domain During both exercises Emma displayed her abilities in her physical development of motor skills, of which she had very appropriate capabilities for a child of her age. Physical development as defined by Six Developmental Domains. (2011) â€Å"†¦is to do with movement: gross, or large, movement of limbs and fine manipulative movement of fingers. Physical development depends on growth of the body and nervousRead MorePlay Is Very Necessary For Educating Children889 Words   |  4 Pageschild’s development and learning. The areas of learning that are that are touched on are the physical aspects of the children which are social emotional, and cognitive. Children are able to develop self-understanding about their physical and social environment through their experiences. Vygotsky said that it contains all the developmental tendencies in short form, and itself is a big source of development. (Gestwicki, C. (2014). Developmentally appropriate practice: Curriculum and developme nt in earlyRead MorePhysical Development in Middle Childhood Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe physical, cognitive and socio-emotional domains of human development are influenced by diverse factors. Phases of development extend from the beginnings of human life and continue throughout the lifespan. These developmental phases are characterised by a range of features including brain development, language development and social development amongst others. Gross motor skills include activities such as running, skipping and jumping. They involve the use of the body’s larger muscle groups

Rhetorical Analysis Food Inc Free Essays

Rhetorical Analysis: Food Inc. Have we ever wondered where our foods in America come from or â€Å"it is a world deliberately hidden from us†. Our daily consumption of food is trusted on few big capitalized corporations who run the food industry, what do we know about them? Robert Kenner and Eric Schlosser illustrates the true facts about our food industry by a documentary named Food, Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis: Food Inc or any similar topic only for you Order Now This documentary is more or less broken down in a  ¬Ã‚ ¬form of chapters, using supportive authors of several books on food industry, interviewing knowledgeable individuals, safety advocates, and farmers to advocate the reality of food industry. The documentary first illustrations a supermarket filled with different food items. As the camera focuses on the fruits and vegetable the speaker states â€Å"The tomatoes you buy in the grocery store are picked when green and then ripened with ethylene gas. † The process of food production has changed in the eyes of many, over the years. Many of us don’t know where the food comes from. Since 1950’s the fast food industry have had transformed the current method of raw food production. The goal is, â€Å"production of large quantities of food at low direct inputs (most often subsidized) resulting in enormous profits, which in turn results in greater control of the global supply of food sources within these few companies. † Only top four companies are handling the meat industry, which are implacable to the animals, workers and environment. The consumption of meat by an average American has raised tremendously so has the demand of fast foods. The methods of production have whole new level. First, thirty percent of American land is based on corn. The government policy pays farmers more to overproduce this easy-to-store crop. The corn is then modified in different chemical forms, which is used ninety percent in most of our industrial foods. The farm animals are feed corn to increase their weight for high dense meat. The cows, chicken, pigs and more over they are even teaching the fish to eat corn. Corn is so vastly produced it is known to be the cheapest and highly utilized food item. Candy, soda, chips are much cheaper than the produce as it is highly subtilized with corn. A cheeseburger at McDonalds cost a dollar comparing to a broccoli at a super market. This is why many low-income families suffer from diabetics and obesity. One of the examples the filmmaker exposes is a family in Los Angeles. Orozco the father suffers from Diabetics; the family cannot afford costly produce. They find a cheeseburger from McDonalds cost less than the fresh produced foods at the store. The family has to make a decision between buying healthy costly foods or his medication. When McDonald’s â€Å"Dollar Menu† a readymade cheeseburger cost less than the produce there is something alarming indication to be considered. No wonder why obesity is now a sign of poverty, not wealth and excess. The most deadly disease is the E. Coli that is manly found in the corn feed cows. E. Coli has even been found in spinach and apple juice because of the run off from factory farms. Some companies cleanse the meat with ammonia hydroxide to help kill E. Coli. Furthermore, the documentary focuses on the production of the chickens. The chickens are being raised within frothy-five days with growth hormones and more. In fact it takes three months to raise a chicken. Due to the demand of the consumers of preference to the white meat, scientists have managed to redesign the chicken to have bigger breasts. Chickens farms produce a lot chickens in small amount of land with no sunlight and no ventilation. These chickens are so closely impacted and are designed to grow larger in size, they are unable to stand and move. Corn the cheapest grain, feed to these chickens to produce more weight. Consumers buy bone less chicken with large breast for cheaper cost with the price of health care cost. Meats are not the only food that is inflected. Many seeds are also genetically modified. How to cite Rhetorical Analysis: Food Inc, Essay examples

A Mans Character is his Fate free essay sample

The statement, â€Å"a man’s character is his fate† is a very powerful statement that I strongly agree with. I believe this is true because, in my opinion, you choose your fate by the actions and choices you make every day and your actions and choices make up your character. Someone’s character can say a lot about them and your character most always chooses your fate. Your character determines what happens in your life and what path you take in your lifetime just as fate does. This is a strong quote because it suggests that your character determines your fate and your fate is completely dependent on your character. I think this quote says that if you have good character your fate will be good but if you have bad character, in return, you fate will be bad. If a person’s character is bad and they consistently make terrible decisions and actions than their fate is bad but if a person makes correct and morally-good decisions their fate will be good. We will write a custom essay sample on A Mans Character is his Fate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is a good quote for people to live by because it encourages them to have a positive, strong character and if they do they will have a positive and fulfilling life ahead of them. I believe this quote is very good and very powerful because when thought about it can change your outlook on your whole life and hopefully, make transformation from bad character to good character in all people. I think this quote is great and has a very unique place in the movie â€Å"The Emperor’s Club†.

Attention Getter Essays - Extraterrestrial Life, Ufology

Attention Getter: The date: October 1969 The time: 7:15 PM, EST The place: Leary, Georgia The setting: A dark, starlit sky but not for long? lasting ten to twelve min., at times as bright as the moon, an unidentified flying object hurtled across the sky ?A UFO piloted by aliens? Or just the ravings of an over-imaginative human mind? ?This was an actual report filed with NICAP (National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomenon)?by former President Jimmy Carter! Pointer: I wanted to talk to you about Aliens, the power behind the UFO's, because I find it to be an interesting topic. The report I just read shows that close encounters with aliens can happen to anyone ?Listen to what I have to say, keep an open mind and make your own decisions? Preview: In the next few mins. I will tell you about Alien Abductions and Sightings, some ideas related to Area 51, and some Theories people have about Aliens. Main Idea #1 Sightings and abductions: There have been thousands of sightings reported from many areas around the world. Some of them hoaxes others very convincing but still unexplained. Probably the best known is the Roswell incident where a UFO apparently crashed to the ground. Rumors say that the two aliens on board subsequently died. There is a video available showing what appears to be an autopsy of one of the aliens. Experts say that if the film was a fake it was very, very convincing. People have also reported being abducted by aliens. Research data shows that abductions often occur to more than one family member. Sometimes the victims remember their abduction in full detail, others only under hypnosis. The abductions can last just an instance or several hours. Aliens have been known to leave marks on the humans that they have abducted. #2 Area51:Mark W. Now onto the controversy of Area 51 the high security military area at Groom Lake in Nevada. Many people believe that the US government carried out secret activities on Aliens and UFOs at the facility. Civilian reports of UFOs flying at high speeds were denied by the base. They say that the UFOs people thought they saw were actually secret test flights on new plane designs. Area 51 is no longer in use. It is assumed that the government has moved the base to another unknown location. #3 Theories: Finally some theories that people have about Aliens: 1 The first question often asked is how do they get here? Some believe that they travel in very advanced spaceships capable of flying faster than the speed of light speed and even through different dimensions. 2 How do we know if the government is telling us truth or just trying to cover up something it doesn't want us to know about? Some sources say the government knows that the Aliens have an evil plan and we are better off not knowing others think its because they don't know the truth themselves so they deny everything. 3 My third and final question is why do they come here? Again, there are many different opinions; some think it's because of curiosity or to find minerals not found on their home planet. Others think it's to warn or protect us from the future of our planet Earth. Some also believe that they are doing genetic experiments on animals and humans to better understand our civilization. Summary: During my speech I have talked about human abductions and sightings, Area 51 at Groom Lake and some Theories about aliens. Is all this fact or fiction? Until the government admits their existence or there is more concrete evidence I think people will either remain very skeptical that they exist or not. With governments constantly denying reports, people often become more suspicious. Whatever your opinion I hope you liked my speech. Clincher I leave you with the following quote from Admiral Bobby Ray Inman, who worked in many high-ranking government positions, ?Extra- terrestrial vehicles have been in possession of the government for over ten years?. Think about this: If they have had these extra-terrestrial vehicles for over ten years why hasn't the government told us about them and furthermore what happened to the aliens?

Free Essays on Imaginary Invalid Critique

The Imaginary Invalid, presented in one act, was a play about Monsieur Argon’s hypochondria and the situations that arose because of his â€Å"illnesses.† Surrounded by a very capable cast, Argon makes the best out of Molià ¨re’s last piece. It was definitely worth seeing, because this French farce kept you on your toes wondering what would happen next. Argon and his maid, Toinette, combine to keep quick whips about each other. Argons’ wife, Beline hires a conniving lawyer who constantly grabbed Beline’s butt. It appeared as though the two were having an affair, but Monsieur Bonnefoy did not do a very good job at portraying this. Two of the most comical actors were the Diafoiruses. Thomas Diafoirus and his father were both doctors, but very incompetent. Argon attempted to marry off his older daughter to Thomas, but Angà ©lique already had a man picked out. She wanted the suave Clà ©ante to marry her. However, because of his illnesses, Argon was intent on Thomas getting the goods so he could get free medical attention. Thanks to Beralde, Argons brother, and Toinette, the play ended with everyone being happy except for Beline, who was not successful in getting the daughters sent to a convent, and was also unsuccessful at getting Argon to sign a deed giving her all of his money. When her cover was blown by Toin ette, who convinced Argon to play dead, her scream made me jump out of my seat. The costumes that were used were incredibly elaborate. Bright colors seemed to be the theme of the costumes, and it was appropriate that the Diafoiruses dressed alike, because of their likeness on stage. I found it a bit unusual that the men wore shoes with high heels and the women did not, but I later discovered that the French did dress that way. Another peculiarity I found was the fact that the youngest on Argons’ daughters, Louise, dressed as though she were the older of the two girls, wearing a costume that appeared much more ... Free Essays on Imaginary Invalid Critique Free Essays on Imaginary Invalid Critique The Imaginary Invalid, presented in one act, was a play about Monsieur Argon’s hypochondria and the situations that arose because of his â€Å"illnesses.† Surrounded by a very capable cast, Argon makes the best out of Molià ¨re’s last piece. It was definitely worth seeing, because this French farce kept you on your toes wondering what would happen next. Argon and his maid, Toinette, combine to keep quick whips about each other. Argons’ wife, Beline hires a conniving lawyer who constantly grabbed Beline’s butt. It appeared as though the two were having an affair, but Monsieur Bonnefoy did not do a very good job at portraying this. Two of the most comical actors were the Diafoiruses. Thomas Diafoirus and his father were both doctors, but very incompetent. Argon attempted to marry off his older daughter to Thomas, but Angà ©lique already had a man picked out. She wanted the suave Clà ©ante to marry her. However, because of his illnesses, Argon was intent on Thomas getting the goods so he could get free medical attention. Thanks to Beralde, Argons brother, and Toinette, the play ended with everyone being happy except for Beline, who was not successful in getting the daughters sent to a convent, and was also unsuccessful at getting Argon to sign a deed giving her all of his money. When her cover was blown by Toin ette, who convinced Argon to play dead, her scream made me jump out of my seat. The costumes that were used were incredibly elaborate. Bright colors seemed to be the theme of the costumes, and it was appropriate that the Diafoiruses dressed alike, because of their likeness on stage. I found it a bit unusual that the men wore shoes with high heels and the women did not, but I later discovered that the French did dress that way. Another peculiarity I found was the fact that the youngest on Argons’ daughters, Louise, dressed as though she were the older of the two girls, wearing a costume that appeared much more ...

Nursing Documentation in the Age of the Electronic Health Record Research Paper

Nursing Documentation in the Age of the Electronic Health Record - Research Paper Example Deficiencies in nursing recording have forced the stakeholders to implement interventions aimed at improving healthcare documentation. Healthcare providers need to determine the best approaches for incorporating the elements of nursing into Electronic Health Records. Electronic documentation ensures long-term preservation and storage of records, which promotes evidence-based nursing care (Busch, 2008). Capturing nursing’s independent contributions to patient care requires proper comprehension and application of standardized terminologies that reflect the uniqueness of the healthcare systems. Correct use of standardized terminologies benefits the nursing profession through enhancing communication among the nursing stakeholders, increasing visibility of nursing interventions and facilitating assessment of nursing competency. The Focus of Documentation of Patient Care Information recording is a critical part of medical endeavor. Busch (2008) maintains that medical care requires c ontinuous flow of information before and after each task to maintain continuity of care. The tasks in the medical care are interdependent and build on one another to achieve the goals of nursing practice. Nurses have the responsibility of managing and implementing the plans of the medical team for the patient through recording the progress towards the outcomes. Nurses collect the patient’s information during diagnosis and record the same in files kept in the hospitals. The objective of collecting this information is to enable the nurses to trace the medical history of the patients during diagnosis in order to help them identify genealogical and chronic diseases. Future nurses for patients will also need this data for understanding the earlier medicine and its effects on the patient over time. Lack of documentation may lead to lose of crucial information required by both the nursing organization and the patients (Azari, Janeja & Mohseni, 2012). Practicing nurses, therefore, ne ed to be educated to the necessity of documenting care using standardized nursing languages in this era when sectors are rapidly embracing electronic documentation. Documentation in healthcare focuses on enhancing communication and continuity of care among the nurses and other healthcare professionals involved in the profession. Communication between the nurses and the nurses and among doctors cannot be possible, unless there is proper documentation. Doctors do not meet physically to discuss the progress of patients in most cases; documents are sent from one section of the hospital to another for the intended provider to act appropriately (Busch, 2008). Proper documentation stimulates the process of communication in the hospital, which ensures that the healthcare stakeholders achieve their objectives. Another focus of medical documentation is ensuring evidence for future reference. There are cases where doctors give incorrect medication to patients. These patients may develop compli cations, which may lead to legal liabilities. The courts of law require the records to serve as evidence for incorrect treatment disseminated. Documentation ensures that these records are available whenever required. Additionally, proper documentation leads to recording of data that is crucial for research and education (Ripley, 2009). Practicing students of medicine and nursing can refer to these documents when there is a need to link theoretical knowledge to practical knowledge. Documentation,

Can we trust othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Can we trust othello - Essay Example The end of such works has always resulted in the death of the protagonist. Aristotle had said that (Stanley C. Boorman, 1962): The above line is an excerpt from ‘Poetics’, a work of Aristotle that has been the basis for many of Shakespeare’s novels including ‘Othello’. There has been a stress on the part of the playwright to express a hero’s tragedy in all its forms. Additionally, it has also been emphasized that the protagonist must be characterized by a significant flaw that should ultimately lead to its downfall. In the case of the ‘Othello’, which has been named aptly after the protagonist himself the story ends with Othello killing his wife Desdemona on suspicions of adultery before turning the dagger onto himself (Oscar Zarate, 1983). The present story is an attempt to argue that the character depiction of Othello in the play is one that is not capable of being trusted on the basis of several arguments. The following paragraphs will highlight the subject further. Othello is one of the most widely discussed plays that has been researched over several decades by many eminent philosophers and critics. As such, the role of various characters and subjects dealt with in the essay have been discussed quite widely and are available for further discussion and refinement in the form of books, articles and journal publications that have been published over the years. Given the abundance of this information, the current study aims to highlight the intended argument by citing several critical examples and excerpts from a few literary sources that are deemed requisite for the argument. Along with these arguments, the essay will simultaneously argue the stand taken by basing on these citations. While studying literary works, the use of theory of post colonialism is often found which deals with works that originated from previously colonized places such as Britain or France. The theory discussed on

The similarities, and differences, between the philosophies of John Term Paper

The similarities, and differences, between the philosophies of John Rawls Theory of Justice, Adam Smith Theory for Moral Sent - Term Paper Example In the end what we have in Gates creative capitalism is an extrapolation of earlier theories, customized and set to the more practical tune of direct intervention and redistribution. Rawls and Gates’ in the Looking Glass Bill Gates and creative capitalism in relationship to Rawls’ Theory of Justice provides the basis for comparison between pure social theory and practical application. Not that the two always coincide, and certainly not that either necessarily agrees with the other implicitly. Yet both Shaw and Barry put forth the proposition that Rawls’ ideas [like those of Gates] ‘touch a responsive chord† (Shaw and Barry:128). Rawls’ concept of society â€Å"as a cooperative venture† (Shaw and Barry 129) resonate throughout Gates 2008 remarks before the World Economic Forum. As social contract theory, both Gates and Rawls call for a rethinking and extension of original social contracts proposed by earlier philosophers. But perhaps the most significant connection tying the two emanates from Rawls’ theory â€Å"that social and economic inequalities are justified only if those inequalities benefit the least advantaged members of society† (Shaw and Barry 129). ... (Gates, Economic Forum: 1) Guth goes further in his criticism, referring to Gates’ proposals for creative capitalism as a â€Å"revision of capitalism† (Guth par 1), a concept never popular with purists. It can also be said that in rethinking the terms of capitalism vis a vis the world’s poor, Gates returns to Rawls’ concept of original position. Beyond mere philanthropy--a term often used to describe Gates work--he is offering the wealthiest an opportunity, as Rawls’ theory suggests, to gather, think and discuss the meaning of true social justice [in economic terms] (Shaw and Barry 133). Rawls rather naive conclusion, however, that those discussing original position must not be conscious of social status runs counter to Gates’ full acknowledgement of social level and his direct appeal to the wealthiest. Stating the two great forces of human nature as† self interest and caring for others† (Gates, World Economic Forum: 3), Gates ag rees with Rawls at least regarding self interest as a driver, taking the theory of what makes capitalism tick a step further in proposing that â€Å"The genius of capitalism lies in its ability to make self interest serve the wider interest† (Gates, World Economic Forum: 3). Regarding the thrust of both Rawls’ theory and creative capitalism, it is difficult and wrong to declare that one or the other is based on pure reason or pure sympathy. Yet in analyzing Rawls and Gates one might tend more toward judgments of reason over sympathy as the catalyst for their proposals. Gates, however, at times tends toward the latter in his declaration that the poor of the world have not enough resources to sustain them.(Gates, World

Taguchi Definition Quality

Taguchi Definition Quality TAGUCHIS DEFINITION OF QUALITY The old traditional definition of quality states quality is conformance to specifications. This definition was expanded by Joseph M. Juran (1904-) in 1974 and then by the American Society for Quality Control (ASQC) in 1983. Juran observed that quality is fitness for use. The ASQC defined quality as the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy given needs. Taguchi presented another definition of quality. His definition stressed the losses associated with a product.. It must be kept in mind here that society includes both the manufacturer and the customer. Loss associated with function variability includes, for example, energy and time (problem fixing), and money (replacement cost of parts). Losses associated with harmful side effects could be market shares for the manufacturer and/or the physical effects, such as of the drug thalidomide, for the consumer. TAGUCHIS LOSS FUNCTION Taguchis quality philosophy strongly emphasizes losses or costs. W. H. Moore asserted that this is an enlightened approach that embodies three important premises: for every product quality characteristic there is a target value which results in the smallest loss; deviations from target value always results in increased loss to society; [and] loss should be measured in monetary units (dollars, pesos, francs, etc.). depicts Taguchis typically loss function. The figure also contrasts Taguchis function with the traditional view that states there are no losses if specifications are met. It can be seen that small deviations from the target value result in small losses. These losses, however, increase in a nonlinear fashion as deviations from the target value increase. Where L(Y) is the expected loss associated with the specific value of Y. Essentially, this equation states that the loss is proportional to the square of the deviation of the measured value, Y, from the target value, T. This implies that any deviation from the target (based on customers desires and needs) will diminish customer satisfaction. This is in contrast to the traditional definition of quality that states that quality is conformance to specifications. It should be recognized that the constant k can be determined if the value of L(Y) associated with some Y value are both known. Of course, under many circumstances a quadratic function is only an approximation. Since Taguchis loss function is presented in monetary terms, it provides a common language for all the departments or components within a company. Finally, the loss function can be used to define performance measures of a quality characteristic of a product or service. This property of Taguchis loss function will be taken up in the next section. But to anticipate the discussion of this property, Taguchis quadratic function can be converted to: This can be accomplished by assuming Y has some probability distribution with mean, a and variance o.2 This second mathematical expression states that average or expected loss is due either to process variation or to being off target (called bias), or both. TAGUCHI, ROBUST DESIGN, AND THE DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS Taguchi asserted that the development of his methods of experimental design started in Japan about 1948. These methods were then refined over the next several decades. They were introduced in the United States around 1980. Although, Taguchis approach was built on traditional concepts of design of experiments (DOE), such as factorial and fractional factorial designs and orthogonal arrays, he created and promoted some new DOE techniques such as signal-to-noise ratios, robust designs, and parameter and tolerance designs. Some experts in the field have shown that some of these techniques, especially signal-to-noise ratios, are not optimal under certain conditions. Nonetheless, Taguchis ideas concerning robust design and the design of experiments will now be discussed. DOE is a body of statistical techniques for the effective and efficient collection of data for a number of purposes. Two significant ones are the investigation of research hypotheses and the accurate determination of the relative effects of the many different factors that influence the quality of a product or process. DOE can be employed in both the product design phase and production phase. A crucial component of quality is a products ability to perform its tasks under a variety of conditions. Furthermore, the operating environmental conditions are usually beyond the control of the product designers, and, therefore robust designs are essential. Robust designs are based on the use of DOE techniques for finding product parameter settings (e.g., temperature settings or drill speeds), which enable products to be resilient to changes and variations in working environments. . To achieve economical product quality design, Taguchi proposed three phases: system design, parameter design, and tolerance design. In the first phase, system design, design engineers use their practical experience, along with scientific and engineering principles, to create a viably functional design. To elaborate, system design uses current technology, processes, materials, and engineering methods to define and construct a new system. The system can be a new product or process, or an improved modification of an existing product or process. . EXAMPLES AND CONCLUSIONS As Thomas P. Ryan has stated, Taguchi at the very least, has focused our attention on new objectives in achieving quality improvement. The statistical tools for accomplishing these objectives will likely continue to be developed. Quality management gurus, such as W. Edwards Deming (1900-1993) and Kaoru Ishikawa (1915-), have stressed the importance of continuous quality improvement by concentrating on processes upstream. This is a fundamental break with the traditional practice of relying on inspection downstream. Taguchi emphasized the importance of DOE in improving the quality of the engineering design of products and processes. As previously mentioned, however, his methods are frequently statistically inefficient and cumbersome. Nonetheless, Taguchis design of experiments have been widely applied and theoretically refined and extended. Two application cases and one refinement example will now be discussed. Taguchi methods Taguchi methods are statistical methods developed by Genichi Taguchi to improve the quality of manufactured goods, and more recently also applied to, engineering, biotechnology, marketing and advertising. Professional statisticians have welcomed the goals and improvements brought about by Taguchi methods, particularly by Taguchis development of designs for studying variation, but have criticized the inefficiency of some of Taguchis proposals. Off-line quality control Taguchis rule for manufacturing Taguchi realized that the best opportunity to eliminate variation is during the design of a product and its manufacturing process. Consequently, he developed a strategy for quality engineering that can be used in both contexts. The process has three stages: System design Parameter design Tolerance design System design This is design at the conceptual level, involving creativity and innovation. Parameter design Once the concept is established, the nominal values of the various dimensions and design parameters need to be set, the detail design phase of conventional engineering. Taguchis radical insight was that the exact choice of values required is under-specified by the performance requirements of the system. In many circumstances, this allows the parameters to be chosen so as to minimize the effects on performance arising from variation in manufacture, environment and cumulative damage. This is sometimes called robustification. Tolerance design With a successfully completed parameter design, and an understanding of the effect that the various parameters have on performance, resources can be focused on reducing and controlling variation in the critical few dimensions Taguchi Method Design of Experiments The general steps involved in the Taguchi Method are as follows: 1. Define the process objective, or more specifically, a target value for a performance measure of the process. This may be a flow rate, temperature, etc. The target of a process may also be a minimum or maximum; for example, the goal may be to maximize the output flow rate. The deviation in the performance characteristic from the target value is used to define the loss function for the process. 2. Determine the design parameters affecting the process. Parameters are variables within the process that affect the performance measure such as temperatures, pressures, etc. that can be easily controlled. The number of levels that the parameters should be varied at must be specified. For example, a temperature might be varied to a low and high value of 40 C and 80 C. Increasing the number of levels to vary a parameter at increases the number of experiments to be conducted. 3. Create orthogonal arrays for the parameter design indicating the number of and conditions for each experiment. The selection of orthogonal arrays is based on the number of parameters and the levels of variation for each parameter, and will be expounded below. 4. Conduct the experiments indicated in the completed array to collect data on the effect on the performance measure. 5. Complete data analysis to determine the effect of the different parameters on the performance measure. A detailed description of the execution of these steps will be discussed next. Determining Parameter Design Orthogonal Array The effect of many different parameters on the performance characteristic in a condensed set of experiments can be examined by using the orthogonal array experimental design proposed by Taguchi. Once the parameters affecting a process that can be controlled have been determined, the levels at which these parameters should be varied must be determined. Determining what levels of a variable to test requires an in-depth understanding of the process, including the minimum, maximum, and current value of the parameter. If the difference between the minimum and maximum value of a parameter is large, the values being tested can be further apart or more values can be tested. If the range of a parameter is small, then less values can be tested or the values tested can be closer together. For example, if the temperature of a reactor jacket can be varied between 20 and 80 degrees C and it is known that the current operating jacket temperature is 50 degrees C, three levels might be chosen at 20, 50, and 80 degrees C. Also, the cost of conducting experiments must be considered when determining the number of levels of a parameter to include in the experimental design. In the previous example of jacket temperature, it would be cost prohibitive to do 60 levels at 1 degree intervals. Typically, the number of levels for all parameters in the experimental design is chosen to be the same to aid in the selection of the proper orthogonal array. Knowing the number of parameters and the number of levels, the proper orthogonal array can be selected. Using the array selector table shown below, the name of the appropriate array can be found by looking at the column and row corresponding to the number of parameters and number of levels. Once the name has been determined (the subscript represents the number of experiments that must be completed), the predefined array can be looked up. Links are provided to many of the predefined arrays given in the array selector table. These arrays were created using an algorithm Taguchi developed, and allows for each variable and setting to be tested equally. For example, if we have three parameters (voltage, temperature, pressure) and two levels (high, low), it can be seen the proper array is L4. Clicking on the link L4 to view the L4 array, it can be seen four different experiments are given in the array. The levels designated as 1, 2, 3 etc. should be replaced in the array with the actual lev el values to be varied and P1, P2, P3 should be replaced with the actual parameters (i.e. voltage, temperature, etc.) Array Selector Important Notes Regarding Selection + Use of Orthogonal Arrays Note 1 The array selector assumes that each parameter has the same number of levels. Sometimes this is not the case. Generally, the highest value will be taken or the difference will be split. The following examples offer insight on choosing and properly using an orthogonal array. Examples 1 and 2 focus on array choice, while Example 3 will demonstrate how to use an orthogonal array in one of these situations. Example 1: # Parameter: A, B, C, D = 4 # Levels: 3, 3, 3, 2 = ~3 Array: L9 Example 2: # Parameter: A, B, C, D, E, F = 6 # Levels: 4, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2 = ~3 Array: modified L16 Example 3: A reactors behavior is dependent upon impeller model, mixer speed, the control algorithm employed, and the cooling water valve type. The possible values for each are as follows: Impeller model: A, B, or C Mixer speed: 300, 350, or 400 RPM Control algorithm: PID, PI, or P Valve type: butterfly or globe There are 4 parameters, and each one has 3 levels with the exception of valve type. The highest number of levels is 3, so we will use a value of 3 when choosing our orthogonal array. Using the array selector above, we find that the appropriate orthogonal array is L9: When we replace P1, P2, P3, and P4 with our parameters and begin filling in the parameter values, we find that the L9 array includes 3 levels for valve type, while our system only has 2. The appropriate strategy is to fill in the entries for P4=3 with 1 or 2 in a random, balanced way. For example: Here, the third value was chosen twice as butterfly and once as global. Note 2 If the array selected based on the number of parameters and levels includes more parameters than are used in the experimental design, ignore the additional parameter columns. For example, if a process has 8 parameters with 2 levels each, the L12 array should be selected according to the array selector. As can be seen below, the L12 Array has columns for 11 parameters (P1-P11). The right 3 columns should be ignored. Analyzing Experimental Data Once the experimental design has been determined and the trials have been carried out, the measured performance characteristic from each trial can be used to analyze the relative effect of the different parameters. To demonstrate the data analysis procedure, the following L9 array will be used, but the principles can be transferred to any type of array. In this array, it can be seen that any number of repeated observations (trials) may be used. Ti,j represents the different trials with i = experiment number and j = trial number. It should be noted that the Taguchi method allows for the use of a noise matrix including external factors affecting the process outcome rather than repeated trials, but this is outside of the scope of this article. To determine the effect each variable has on the output, the signal-to-noise ratio, or the SN number, needs to be calculated for each experiment conducted. The calculation of the SN for the first experiment in the array above is shown below for the case of a specific target value of the performance characteristic. In the equations below, yi is the mean value and si is the variance. yi is the value of the performance characteristic for a given experiment. {SN_{i}}=10logfrac{bar{y_{i}}^2}{{s_{i}}^2} Where bar y_{i}=frac {1}{N_{i}}sum_{u=1}^{N_{i}}y_{i,u} s_{i}^2=frac {1}{N_{i}-1}sum_{u=1}^{N_{i}}left ( y_{i,u}-bar y_{i} right ) i = Experiment;number u=Trial;number N_{i}=Number;of;trials;for;experiment;i For the case of minimizing the performance characteristic, the following definition of the SN ratio should be calculated: {SN_{i}}=-10logleft(sum_{u=1}^{N_{i}}frac{y_{u}^2}{N_{i}}right) For the case of maximizing the performance characteristic, the following definition of the SN ratio should be calculated: {SN_{i}}=-10logleft[frac{1}{N_{i}}sum_{u=1}^{N_{i}}frac{1}{y_{u}^2}right] After calculating the SN ratio for each experiment, the average SN value is calculated for each factor and level. This is done as shown below for Parameter 3 (P3) in the array: {SN_{color{red}P3,1}}=frac{(S_{N1}+S_{N6}+S_{N8})}{3},! {SN_{color{blue}P3,2}}=frac{(S_{N2}+S_{N4}+S_{N9})}{3},! {SN_{color{green}P3,3}}=frac{(S_{N3}+S_{N5}+S_{N7})}{3},! Once these SN ratio values are calculated for each factor and level, they are tabulated as shown below and the range R (R = high SN low SN)of the SN for each parameter is calculated and entered into the table. The larger the R value for a parameter, the larger the effect the variable has on the process. This is because the same change in signal causes a larger effect on the output variable being measured. Problems Problem: You have just produced one thousand 55 gallon drums of sesame oil for sale to your distributors. However, just before you are to ship oil, one of your employees remembers that one of the oil barrels was temporarily used to store insecticide and is almost surely contaminated. Unfortunately, all of the barrels look the same. One barrel of sesame oil sells for $1000, while each assay for insecticide in food oil costs $1200 and takes 3 days. Tests for insectide are extremely expensive. What do you do? Solution: Extreme multiplexing. This is similar to using a Taguchi method but optimized for very sparse systems and specific cases. For example, instead of 1000 barrels, let us consider 8 barrels for now, one of which is contaminated. We could test each one, but that would be highly expensive. Another solution is to mix samples from each barrel and test the mixtures. Mix barrels 1,2,3,4 > Sample A Mix barrels 1,2,5,6 > Sample B Mix barrels 1,3,5,7 > Sample C We claim that from testing only these three mixtures, we can determine which of the 8 barrels was contaminated. Let us consider some possible results of these tests. We will use the following label scheme: +/-,+/-,+/- in order of A, B, C. Thus, +,-,+ indicates A and C showed contamination but not B. Possible Result 1: -,-,- The only barrel not mixed in was #8, so it is contaminated. Possible Result 2: +,-,- Barrel #4 appears in A, but not in B and C. Since only A returned positive, barrel #4 was contaminated. Possible Result 3: -,+,- Barrel #6 appears in B, but not in A and C. Since only B returned positive, barrel #6 was contaminated. We can see that we have 23 = 8 possible results, each of which corresponds to a particular barrel being contaminated. We leave the rest of the cases for the reader to figure out. Solution with 1,000 barrels: Mix samples from each barrel and test mixtures. Each mixture will consist of samples from a unique combination of 500 barrels. Experiments required = log2 (1000) =~10. Solution with 1,000,000 barrels: Experiments required = log2(1000000)=~20. Thus, by using extreme multiplexing, we can greatly reduce the # of experiments needed, since the # of experiments scales with log2(# of barrels) instead of # of barrels. Worked out Example A microprocessor company is having difficulty with its current yields. Silicon processors are made on a large die, cut into pieces, and each one is tested to match specifications. The company has requested that you run experiments to increase processor yield. The factors that affect processor yields are temperature, pressure, doping amount, and deposition rate. a) Question: Determine the Taguchi experimental design orthogonal array. The operating conditions for each parameter and level are list A: Temperature A1 = 100 ºC A2 = 150 ºC (current) A3 = 200 ºC B: Pressure B1 = 2 psi B2 = 5 psi (current) B3 = 8 psi C: Doping Amount C1 = 4% C2 = 6% (current) C3 = 8% D: Deposition Rate D1 = 0.1 mg/s D2 = 0.2 mg/s (current) D3 = 0.3 mg/s a) Solution: The L9 orthogonal array should be used. The filled in orthogonal array should look like this: This setup allows the testing of all four variables without having to run 81 [=34=(3 Temperatures)(3 Pressures)(3 Doping Amounts)(3 Deposition rates)] separate trials. b) Question: Conducting three trials for each experiment, the data below was collected. Compute the SN ratio for each experiment for the target value case, create a response chart, and determine the parameters that have the highest and lowest effect on the processor yield. b) Solution: Shown below is the calculation and tabulation of the SN ratio. {S_{m1}}=frac{(87.3+82.3+70.7)^{2}}{3}=19248.0,! {S_{T1}}=87.3^2+82.3^2+70.7^2=19393.1,! {S_{e1}}={S_{T1}}-{S_{m1}}=19393.1-19248.0=145.0,! {V_{e1}}=frac{S_{e1}}{N-1}=frac{145.1}{2}=72.5,! {SN_{1}}=10 log frac{(1/N)(S_{m1}-V_{e1})}{V_{e1}}=10 log frac{(1/3)(19248.0-145.1)}{145.1}=19.5,! Shown below is the response table. This table was created by calculating an average SN value for each factor. A sample calculation is shown for Factor B (pressure): {SN_{color{red}B1}}=frac{(19.5+17.6+22.2)}{3}=19.8,! {SN_{color{blue}B2}}=frac{(21.4+14.3+24.0)}{3}=19.9,! {SN_{color{green}B3}}=frac{(19.3+29.2+20.4)}{3}=23.0,! The effect of this factor is then calculated by determining the range: Delta = Max Min = 23.0-19.8=3.2,! It can be seen that deposition rate has the largest effect on the processor yield and that temperature has the smallest effect on the processor yield. Extreme Example: Sesame Seed Suffering Problem: You have just produced one thousand 55 gallon drums of sesame oil for sale to your distributors. However, just before you are to ship oil, one of your employees remembers that one of the oil barrels was temporarily used to store insecticide and is almost surely contaminated. Unfortunately, all of the barrels look the same. One barrel of sesame oil sells for $1000, while each assay for insecticide in food oil costs $1200 and takes 3 days. Tests for insectide are extremely expensive. What do you do? Solution: Extreme multiplexing. This is similar to using a Taguchi method but optimized for very sparse systems and specific cases. For example, instead of 1000 barrels, let us consider 8 barrels for now, one of which are contaminated. We could test each one, but that would be highly expensive. Another solution is to mix samples from each barrel and test the mixtures. Mix barrels 1,2,3,4 > Sample A Mix barrels 1,2,5,6 > Sample B Mix barrels 1,3,5,7 > Sample C We claim that from testing only these three mixtures, we can determine which of the 8 barrels was contaminated. Let us consider some possible results of these tests. We will use the following label scheme: +/-,+/-,+/- in order of A, B, C. Thus, +,-,+ indicates A and C showed contamination but not B. Possible Result 1: -,-,- The only barrel not mixed in was #8, so it is contaminated. Possible Result 2: +,-,- Barrel #4 appears in A, but not in B and C. Since only A returned positive, barrel #4 was contaminated. Possible Result 3: -,+,- Barrel #6 appears in B, but not in A and C. Since only B returned positive, barrel #6 was contaminated. We can see that we have 23 = 8 possible results, each of which corresponds to a particular barrel being contaminated. We leave the rest of the cases for the reader to figure out. Solution with 1,000 barrels: Mix samples from each barrel and test mixtures. Each mixture will consist of samples from a unique combination of 500 barrels. Experiments required = log2(1000)=~10. Solution with 1,000,000 barrels: Experiments required = log2(1000000)=~20. Thus, by using extreme multiplexing, we can greatly reduce the # of experiments needed, since the # of experiments scales with log2(# of barrels) instead of # of barrels. Other Methods of Experimental Design Two other methods for determining experimental design are factorial design and random design. For scenarios with a small number of parameters and levels (1-3) and where each variable contributes significantly, factorial design can work well to determine the specific interactions between variables. However, factorial design gets increasingly complex with an increase in the number of variables. For large systems with many variables (50+) where there are few interactions between variables, random design can be used. Random design assigns each variable a state based on a uniform sample (ex: 3 states = 0.33 probability) for the selected number of experiments. When used properly (in a large system), random design usually produces an experimental design that is desired. However, random design works poorly for systems with a small number of variables. To obtain a even better understanding of these three different methods, its good to get a visual of these three methods. It will illustrate the degree of efficiency for each experimental design depending on the number of variables and the number of states for each variable. The following will have the three experimental designs for the same scenario. Scenario. You have a CSTR that has four(4) variables and each variable has three or two states. You are to design an experiment to systematically test the effect of each of the variables in the current CSTR. Experimental Design #1: Factorial Design By looking at the # variables and # states, there should be a total of 54 experiments because (3impellers)(3speeds)(3controllers)(2valves)=54. Heres a list of these 54 experiments: Experimental Design #2: Taguchi Method Since you know the # of states and variables, you can refer to the table above in this wiki and obtain the correct Taguchi array. It turns out to be a L9 array. With the actual variables and states, the L9 array should look like the following: Experimental Design #3: Random Design Since we do not know the number of signal recoveries we want and we dont know the probabilities of each state to happen, it will be difficult to construct a random design table. It will mostly be used for extreme large experiments. Refer to the link below to help you obtain a better grasp on the random design concept. Dr. Genichi Taguchi Dr. Taguchi built on the work of Plackett and Burman by combining statistics and engineering to achieve rapid improvements in product designs and manufacturing processes. His efforts led to a subset of screening experiments commonly referred to the Taguchi Techniques or the Taguchi Method ®. Major Premises of Taguchi Techniques Focus on the robustness of the product. Make the product correctly in spite of variation in materials and processes. Design the product to be insensitive to the common cause variation that exists in the process. Quantify the effects of deviation using the Quality Loss Function The Quality Loss Function, L(y), provides both a conceptual and a quantifiable means to demonstrate the impact of deviation from target. Noise Factors Taguchi calls common cause variation the â€Å"noise.† Noise factors are classified into three categories: Outer Noise, Inner Noise, and Between Product Noise. Taguchis approach is not to eliminate or ignore the noise factors; Taguchi techniques aim to reduce the effect or impact of the noise on the product quality. Quality Loss Function The Loss Function can help put the cost of deviation from target into perspective. The loss represents a summation of rework, repair, warranty cost plus customer dissatisfaction, bad reputation, and eventual loss of market share for the manufacturer. Signal to Noise Ratio Taguchis emphasis on minimizing deviation from target led him to develop measures of the process output that incorporate both the location of the output as well as the variation. These measures are called signal to noise ratios. The signal to noise ratio provides a measure of the impact of noise factors on performance. The larger the S/N, the more robust the product is against noise. Calculation of the S/N ratio depends on the experimental objective: Derivation of Taguchi Matrices Taguchi matrices are derived from classical Full Factorial arrays. As with Plackett-Burman designs, Taguchi designs are based on the assumption that interactions are not likely to be significant. Taguchi designs have been developed to study factors at two-levels, three-levels, four-levels, and even with mixed levels. The levels in Taguchi matrices have historically been reported as Level 1 and Level 2 for two-level experiments. These levels are no different than the Low (-) Level and the High (+) Level used in Full Factorial designs and by Plackett and Burman. For more than two levels, experimenters typically use Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, etc. for Taguchi designs. Types of Taguchi Designs A series of Taguchi designs for studying factors at two-levels are available. Two-level designs include the L4, L8, and L16 matrices. The L4 design studies up to 3 factors. The most popular Taguchi designs are the L8 and L16 that study up to 7 and 15 factors respectively. The L4, L8, and L16 designs are geometric designs based on the 22, 23, and 24 Full Factorial matrices respectively. They are based on the Full Factorials so that interactions can be studied if desired. Non-geometric Taguchi designs include the L12, L20, and L24 designs that can study up to 11, 19, and 23 factors respectively. There are other two-level Taguchi Matrices, both geometric and non-geometric, designed to study even more factors, but it is rare that larger numbers of factors can be studied in a practical, feasible, or cost-effective manner. Analysis of Interactions While Taguchi views interactions as noise factors and most likely not significant, he does offer techniques to evaluate the impact of two-way interactions on responses. Taguchi provides two techniques to explore interactions in a screening experiment. The linear graph is a graphical tool that facilitates the assignment of factors and their interactions to the experimental matrix. Some experimenters find the interaction tables developed from the linear graphs to be easier to use. Three-Level Matrices * Taguchi screening designs for three levels exist. o The L9 looks at 4 factors at 3 levels. o An L27 can be used to study up to 13 factors at 3 levels and an L81 can evaluate up to 40 factors at 3 levels. * Taguchi designs for 4 levels and 5 levels are available. Matrices with Outer Arrays

My Chevrolet Pride :: essays papers

My Chevrolet Pride With the turn of a key, my LT1 350 engine fires up with a roar that sends Mustang owners whimpering back to the garage. I own a 1997 Chevrolet Camaro Z28. The 1997 Camaro is the thirtieth anniversary of a long history of Chevrolet heritage that has built muscle cars, like mine, and a lowly three-cylinder Geo metro. My raging machine comes off the factory assembly line with a pavement pounding 285 horsepower. That number alone is impressive, but I have tinkered with my engine and it now has around 400 horsepower. The six speed manual transmission lets me tear through the gears like a madman ripping out of his straight jacket. As I mentioned earlier, I have done a lot of work to my car, the most important work being â€Å"Flowmaster† exhaust. This is a rather inexpensive modification that not only gives the beastly sound, but also increases exhaust flow, thus increasing horsepower. The next thing I did to my Z28 was install a pair of â€Å"Hooker† headers, these also help the engine vent off the exhaust. I then put a â€Å"K&N† cold air induction kit and changed the mass air sensor. These two things alone made the biggest difference in throttle response and improved my overall torque through the six gears. On the outside my car is relatively the same as all other Camaro’s with only slight modifications in the cars tint percentage and the fact that I changed the original emblems from black to chrome. I also used some chrome paint to paint the 2 hood vents located on each side of the hood. I am the only person in Morganton, so far, that has his vents painted. Everyone I have talked too says it looks really good and gives the car an even more aggressive look in the front end, so probably in the near future more people will do this and I can say that I set a trend! Camaro’s are one of the most fun cars I have ever had the pleasure of owning. At any given time I can gear down to second and slam the head of my unsuspecting passengers into the back of their seat. This has caused me to take numerous painful slaps to the chest and arms from my friends and mother. My Chevrolet Pride :: essays papers My Chevrolet Pride With the turn of a key, my LT1 350 engine fires up with a roar that sends Mustang owners whimpering back to the garage. I own a 1997 Chevrolet Camaro Z28. The 1997 Camaro is the thirtieth anniversary of a long history of Chevrolet heritage that has built muscle cars, like mine, and a lowly three-cylinder Geo metro. My raging machine comes off the factory assembly line with a pavement pounding 285 horsepower. That number alone is impressive, but I have tinkered with my engine and it now has around 400 horsepower. The six speed manual transmission lets me tear through the gears like a madman ripping out of his straight jacket. As I mentioned earlier, I have done a lot of work to my car, the most important work being â€Å"Flowmaster† exhaust. This is a rather inexpensive modification that not only gives the beastly sound, but also increases exhaust flow, thus increasing horsepower. The next thing I did to my Z28 was install a pair of â€Å"Hooker† headers, these also help the engine vent off the exhaust. I then put a â€Å"K&N† cold air induction kit and changed the mass air sensor. These two things alone made the biggest difference in throttle response and improved my overall torque through the six gears. On the outside my car is relatively the same as all other Camaro’s with only slight modifications in the cars tint percentage and the fact that I changed the original emblems from black to chrome. I also used some chrome paint to paint the 2 hood vents located on each side of the hood. I am the only person in Morganton, so far, that has his vents painted. Everyone I have talked too says it looks really good and gives the car an even more aggressive look in the front end, so probably in the near future more people will do this and I can say that I set a trend! Camaro’s are one of the most fun cars I have ever had the pleasure of owning. At any given time I can gear down to second and slam the head of my unsuspecting passengers into the back of their seat. This has caused me to take numerous painful slaps to the chest and arms from my friends and mother.

Individualism versus Collectivism Essay

The concepts of individualism and collectivism apply to the description of societies and individuals within the society. Cultures vary in their levels of individualism/ collectivism while individuals within these specific cultures vary on the same dimension. Idiocentric and allocentric are constructs that are very important in differentiating consistent variations of an individual’s attitudes, beliefs, self-definition, normative behavior and self-definition. Individualism is termed as the person’s level of idiocentric while collectivism is the person’s level of allocentric (Udehn, 2001). Idiocentric individuals emphasize more on their own goals and needs over those of the group to which they belong. They are much independent and self-reliant. On the other hand, allocentric individuals tend to be more cooperative, interdependent and they also have a stronger desire to partner with others. In addition allocentric and idiocentric individuals differ in their source of intimacy and companionship to satisfy their several needs and to strengthen their self-esteem. For instance, idiocentric obtains their social support from peers and best friends while allocentrics obtain their social support from their parents. Individuals with allocentric tendencies have fewer daily but more in-depth discussions than individuals with idiocentric tendencies. People who express more allocentric or idiocentric tendencies vary in various ways. For instance, the people who tend to be more allocentric have good reliability and inter-correlation thus showing convergent validity. They are characterized with three main aspects which include individual to group goals, in-group as extension of the self and in-group identity. Individuals who are more idiocentric mainly use equity and need in distributing rewards. Individuals who are more allocentric mainly emphasize on the values of cooperation, fairness and honesty while individuals who are more idiocentric put much emphasis on values of comfortable life, competition, pleasure and social recognition. Persons who are allocentric receive much and better quality social support while those who are more idiocentric are usually higher in achievement motivation, alienation and greater loneliness. The difference between collective and individualist cultures is mainly based on self. In collectivist cultures, the self is more linked to in-group memberships while in individualist cultures; self-concept is obtained from independently groups which are based on the varying characteristics and contributions of the individual. In collectivists’ cultures, there is high adherence to the goals of the in-group and to in-group values and also the maintaining of in-group harmony (Lee & Kelly 1996). In individualistic societies, the aims and the goals of a particular individual are more important and less significance is attached to in-group harmony. Nevertheless, individualism is mainly based on Western cultures while collectivism is related with Eastern cultures. Collectivistic cultures have lower rates of suicide, psychopathology and relatively higher marital satisfaction than individualistic cultures. I consider myself to be idiocentric. This is because I always concentrate on my own goals and achievement over those of the other people and I carry out my tasks independently. I normally display a different tendency towards the allocentric. For instance, in making purchase of luxury brands, I purchase goods for my own sake pleasures ad interests while the allocentric purchase the luxury brands only with an aim of seeking social recognition (McCarthy, 2005). As a result of these differences, conflict and misunderstanding emerges. This is because as a personally motivated consumer, I will purchase the luxury brands for self-interests while on the other hand an allocentric individual who is socially motivated will make the purchase of luxury brands with an aim of seeking social recognition.

Trends in Classroom Management

Current Trends in Classroom Management Classroom DisciplineWong’s Pragmatic ClassroomKagan, Kyle, and Scott’s Win-Win DisciplineMorrish’s Real Discipline Strengths†¢Wong’s approach â€Å"pragmatic† where it is â€Å"built from practical ideas† pieced together from multiple sources (Charles, 2008, pg. 130). This theory does not fit with cookie cutter classrooms and can be modified to fit the teacher, content, or student group. †¢Encourages the idea that â€Å"discipline problems† will â€Å"largely disappear† when the classroom management is in check (Charles, 2008, pg. 0). †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Rules of behavior set limits† where they â€Å"create a work-oriented atmosphere† (Charles, 2008, pg. 133). Behavior issues are simply violations of procedure and have specific and logical consequences that were clearly laid out on the first day of school. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Student needs† are strongly represented were the â€Å"primary goal† is to â€Å"help students develop long-term, self-managed responsibility. †¢Encourages a spirit of teamwork between the teacher and student where the end result is where â€Å"students manage themselves responsibly† (Charles, 2008, pg. 151). A precursor to Kagan’s win-win strategy because it â€Å"teaches students right from wrong,† high expectations of adult authority, â€Å"and encourages them to make choices about behavior that are sufficiently mature and experienced to do† (Charles, 2008, pg. 227). †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"To acquire essential [behavioral norms] skills, they need supportive guidance from enlightened, caring teachers† where it does not put the teachers and students on the same plane; however, it does not completely separate them. Weaknesses†¢Requires intense planning and execution by the teacher to ensure that consistency of procedures is followed in order for this to succeed. If there needs to be a ch ange in classroom management style in the middle of the school year, Wong gives little detail on how that should be handled. They focus heavily on the first day and first few weeks of school. †¢Sees disruptive behavior as â€Å"merely students’ ineffective attempts to meet certain unfulfilled needs† all the time (Charles, 2008, pg. 151). Where behavior issues could come from students not even trying at all. †¢Since the relationship needs to be based on the fact that the student and teacher must work together for the student to gain that responsibility, what happens when they do not gain that type of utlook? †¢This strategy may feel like an anarchy government where the students have little to no say in the classroom and their learning, where the teacher is the sole authority in the classroom. Advantages†¢States that â€Å"a well-managed classroom is task oriented and predictable† and it can be a â€Å"smoothly functioning learning environment † (Charles, 2008, pg. 132). †¢When students learn the win-win strategy, they learn life skills that can help with â€Å"developing self-management, responsibility, and other autonomous life skills† (Charles, 2008, pg. 151). Does not separate the teacher/student dynamic too much with authority and does not give the student too much power without clear expectation. Disadvantages†¢If a teacher does not the set the procedures and expectations in the classroom before the end of week two, research has shown that they will not have good classroom management †¢Procedures can seem daunting and intense and very little wiggle room for students. †¢This discipline type does not take preemptive strikes against disruptive behavior but rather â€Å"considers disruptive behavior to be a starting point† (Charles, 2008, pg. 152). This strategy may be easily confused with mistrust for their students and lowering one’s standard of expectation for the studen ts just because of their age. Agree/Disagree†¢Solid expectations in an environment with crisp infrastructure is an idea that resonates with my strategy of teaching. †¢I do not agree with this particular strategy where it states that we should wait for students to misbehave so we can address the idea of responsibility or re-directing. I do not believe in setting up the students for failure and put my best effort forward for them to succeed on the first try, not wait for them to mess up to fix it. However, I do agree with the idea of encouraging autonomy from the students and stating that they are their bets advocates for their own education. †¢This strategy does expect high expectations from the students to follow the rules but they are not in a true in a democracy like the previous strategy. There are no unrealistic expectations of maturity level and one will expect a student to act their age. The students are not set up to fail, but have a firm teacher foundation. Re source Center: Charles, C. M. (2008). Builidng Classroom Discipline (9thth ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. Retrieved November 13, 2012

Aqueous Solution Definition in Chemistry

Aqueous Solution Definition in Chemistry Aqueous solution definition: An aqueous solution is any solution in which water (H2O) is the solvent.  In a chemical equation, the symbol (aq) follows a species name to indicate it is in aqueous solution. For example, dissolving salt in water has the chemical reaction: NaCl(s) → Na(aq) Cl-(aq) Although water is often called the universal solvent, it dissolves only substances that are hydrophilic in nature. Examples of hydrophilic molecules include acids, bases, and many salts. Substances that are hydrophobic do not dissolve well in water and tend not to form aqueous solutions. Examples include many organic molecules, including fats and oils. When electrolytes (e.g., NaCl, KCl) dissolve in water, the ions allow the solution to conduct electricity. Nonelectrolytes like sugar also dissolve in water, but the molecule remains intact and the solution is not conductive. Aqueous Solution Examples Cola, saltwater, rain, acid solutions, base solutions, and salt solutions are examples of aqueous solutions.   Examples of solutions that are not aqueous solutions include any liquid that does not contain water. Vegetable oil, toluene, acetone, carbon tetrachloride, and solutions made using these solvents are not aqueous solutions. Similarly, if a mixture contains water but no solute dissolves in the water as a solvent, an aqueous solution is not formed. For example, mixing sand and water does not produce an aqueous solution.

Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Which social groups are marginalized, Essay

Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Which social groups are marginalized, excluded or silenced within the text - Essay Example Africa, as portrayed in this book, is the direct opposite of the civilised continent of Europe where civilised human beings live. In writing his book, Conrad makes use of Marlow’s character to give voice to his own feelings about the inhabitants of the Congo. He compares the civilisation of Europe to the ‘uncivilised’ existences of the Congo’s inhabitants and shows Marlow moving into an oasis known as the ‘Outer Station’ to lend further meaning to this subject. The Outer Station is situated in the coast of Africa, and is administered by white Europeans who force African natives to perform most of the drudgery connected with running the outfit. Once Marlow reaches the oasis’ shores, he glimpses the darkness in the atmosphere of the place as well as in its inhabitants. The African natives whom Marlow encounters are depicted as sub-humans or animals. They are marginalised by the author in that they are not given a chance to explain their pr edicament. Nor are their feelings on being forcibly pushed to work away from their homes expounded upon. Rather than seeking to invoke pity for the wretched creatures that have been turned into slaves, the author strives to provoke apathy in the reader by stating that the natives ‘sat near the same tree in acute angles. ... In essence, the writer succeeds in changing Africans into irrelevant entities in such a way that the reader learns to adopt the position of the writer in ignoring the fact that they are human beings. In places in the novel where the derogatory names are not being used, there is a patronising tone used by the colonialists towards the natives. The author appears to try and convince the reader of the stupidity or idiocy of Africans in asserting through his European characters that the Africans had to have simple concepts explained to them in very childish ways, such as an analogy of the boiler tender, to understand matters such as the European work ethic. Naturally, the author neglects to mention that Africans worked in their own plots of land and fully understood what work was even before the White man reached their shores. The author also neglected to mention that the Africans may have been reluctant to work for the White man because they were being forced to do it for hardly any real wages. All through the book, the African natives are identified as savages. This is done without explaining to the reader what would make an entire ethnic group savages; apart from the refusal to work when they are told, as they are told, in their colonial masters’ lands- which had been stolen from the natives. In truth, it is the white people in the book who proved to have even more qualities of savagery than they accused the African natives off. To further encourage the perception of African natives as semi-human creatures, the colonial masters would often fire their rifles into the jungle for no apparent purpose. The reader is also informed that the natives had revolting customs

The incredible trust we put in technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The incredible trust we put in technology - Essay Example In the business world, technology has made work to be both cheaper and easier. This is because there have been innovations that rest the work which was done by human beings to computers. For example, in companies financial accounting and filing was normally done by workers manually. Nowadays there have been computer softwares such as Point of Sale which do a company’s accounting much quicker as every transaction is made. This means that accounting is done on the go. This is very cheap and time saving unlike the past where it took a lot of time and money since manual receipts hard to be filed and a lot of accountants had to be hired. Technology has been used remarkably in the communication sector. Advances in technology have resulted in mediums of communications which are both cheap and fast. A good example is the use of email to communicate. Before, long distance communication used to take a long time since letters were the ones commonly used and delivery could take long. Howe ver, the advancement of technology seen the use of the internet in the communication industry. Technologies such as email have been widely used since it is both fast to communicate using an email and cheap. In fact, it is very rare to find people using the postal office to send letters which might take even a week to reach the intended person. Sending and receiving of emails takes a maximum of five minutes irrespective of the geographical distance that is between the people who are communicating. People have also relied on technology while going about normal day to day activities. For example, people can access books over the internet very easily. This has made life easier especially for students who can access reading materials over the internet. However, scholars are beginning to view technology more of an evil than a good in the society. This is because of the high dependency that human beings have developed for technology. For example, students no longer go to libraries to read books to further their knowledge. This is because of the accessibility of written materials and journals over the internet. However, these journals can be inaccurate since they are not legally published. There are also old literatures that one cannot access over the internet. Social interactions in the society are also diminishing as a result of the dependency of technology. This is due to social sites such as Facebook and Twitter, which have limited physical social interaction in that people use them to communicate and meet people over the internet (Harrington 140). The problem here is that although people are socializing over the internet, this is not as effective as physical socializing since it does not involve the physical contact in physical social interaction. For example, if someone loses a loved one there is a difference in sending them a consolation note and physically going to console them. Physically consoling them is much personal and better. Overdependence of technolog y has also resulted in the society becoming dumber. This is because people often use search engines to find answers to various questions. People refer to articles in the internet if they want to find information rather than do that in books and creditability becomes a matter of contention. For instance, one might Google to find out whether on earth there are extra terrestrial beings. If the first search result is an article that supports

Bio research paper-Glacier, shared by Canada & US Essay

Bio research paper-Glacier, shared by Canada & US - Essay Example Collision of cloud particles falls as snow and rain that accumulates on the peaks of St. Elias Mountains, Takashina Mountains among other ranges. The snowpacks melt in warm weather and proceeds into the rivers, canals, and coastline of the park. Glacier Bay National Park is known for its diverse plant species that readily help in replenishing nitrogen in the ecosystem. Flora consists of hemlock forest, sprus, willows, alder, dryas, and fireweed. Researchers indicate that the presence of moss, alder and dryas is the immediate evidence of an excellent nitrogen cycle in an ecosystem. The park nitrogen is improved by the ability of dryas and alders to add nitrogen directly from the air. These two plant species fix the collected nitrogen from the air into their rot nodules before dropping their leaves that serves in nitrogen addition to the soil. Fungi indigenous to the forest also help in the nitrogen cycle. Plants such as hemlock, willows, fireweed and sprus found in Glacier Bay National Park absorb CO2 during photosynthesis. These plants are the primary producers of carbon in the cycle. They release the absorbed CO2 into the atmosphere in the process of respiration. The aquatic plants found in rivers Alsek, Glacier Bay, Lynn Canal, and Dry Bay also absorb the dissolved carbon dioxide in these water bodies. They use the absorbed CO2 in photosynthesis. Human activities in the park such as constructing a road leading to Newmont Exploration minefield contributes to the carbon cycle because it leads to deforestation of the park. Tourists visiting the park use gasoline and petroleum in their cars. Burning petroleum releases carbon into the atmosphere. Differences in Glacier Bay National Park’s temperature, rainfall, and composition are an evidence of rich habitat for several native plant and animal species. Tree species vary with the altitude of the mountain ranges. The lowlands of Fairweather range are covered

Theoretical perspective of present study as related to literature Essay Example for Free

Theoretical perspective of present study as related to literature Essay The present study presents a qualitative approach to determining whether the block schedule is advantageous to school systems. As the above literature review indicates, current studies are inconclusive as to whether or not block scheduling leads to an increase in test scores. This study will look at additional factors of the block scheduling system in order to determine if block schedule can produce positive academic outcomes directly or indirectly. Rationale for Present Study. While the literature as a whole provides only statistically insignificant support using test scores as determinants for the academic merit of block scheduling, other variables have not been the focus of these studies. These variables include attitudes of principals, teachers, parents and students, school climate, utilization of alternative teaching methods and other less tangible outcomes. Specifically, block scheduling often results in better nonacademic outcomes (e. g., positive class climate and enhanced instructional opportunities) than does traditional scheduling. Thus, the findings from the present study that students in block scheduling perform academically as well as or slightly better than students in traditional scheduling supports the implementation of block scheduling in high school settings. However, if the only goal of adopting a block scheduling program is to improve short-term student test scores, then the literature and this study are less enthusiastic (Lewis, Dugan, Winokur, and Cobb, 2005). In addition to academic advantages, some teachers claim school climate and discipline has improved as teachers spend more time with each other (O’Neil, 1995; Short and Thayer, 1998). Summary Oftentimes, test scores do not tell the whole story. Schools with block scheduling may see increased achievement in places they least expected. Over time, these results might translate into the academic achievement that remains ambiguous at present. Introduction . The results of this study could potentially add to the body of knowledge regarding the strengths and advantages of block scheduling versus traditional scheduling. It is incredibly short-sighted to view test scores as the only indicator of improved academic achievement. As the studies above indicate, test scores are inconclusive in determining whether block scheduling is effective. However, there are two flaws here. First, only one study took into effect the factor of time on block schedule when conducting its research. This time factor gives the schools system time to settle in to and to perfect its system. Second, the studies seem to ignore other variables which can contribute to academic achievement and performance. According to Magdol, (1992), the factors that contribute to academic achievement fall into the following groups: â€Å"Individual, Family, Peer, School, Work and Community. The school factors she isolates are Alienated Teachers, Inflexible Curricula, Lack of Counseling Services for At-Risk Students, School Transitions, Weak Administrative Support, Large School District, Large School, Low Participation in Extracurricular Activities, Negative School Climate and Uninvolved Parents† (Magdol, 1992). Design of Study This study will examine two high schools, one which uses block scheduling and one which uses traditional scheduling. Students, teachers, teachers and administrators will be surveyed as to discipline issues, attendance and scores on the GHSGT in order to determine if any trends evolve that correlate with these variables. Then an analysis of the advantages of block or traditional scheduling within these schools can be made. Sample and Site The block scheduled school used in this study is Upson-Lee High School in Thomason, Georgia. The traditionally scheduled school used in this study is Spalding High school in Griffin, Georgia. Students who have completed their eleventh grade year and who have taken the social studies component of the GHGGT will be used as the sample group.

Japanese Internment Camps Essay

Japanese Internment Camps Essay Japanese Americans were treated harshly because Americans turned their anger on Japanese Americans for a crime that was committed by the Japanese. The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, and this action made Americans fear and despise them. Americas fear of an on attack the West Coast of the U.S. caused the relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps. The internment of Japanese Americans was disgraceful, and in hindsight, unnecessary. But, given the context of a sneak attack against an unsuspecting public, the removal of this group was a component of an overall strategy to win a war against an aggressive Japan. Still, taking innocent Japanese Americans away from their homes and livelihoods with no compensation is deplorable, especially when many from this same community fought in Europe against the Axis Powers. Japanese Americans were sent to internment camps after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, that is when Americans focused their fears of a Japanese attack on the American west coast upon those Nisei residing in the US; as a result, they were sent to internment camps for the duration of the Pacific War. It all started on February 19, 1942, after the beginning of World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an Executive Order 9066. The order was to round-up Japanese Americans to move them to one of the 10 internment camps. General DeWitt was the person who advised Franklin D. Roosevelt to round-up Japanese Americans into one of the 10 internment camps. These internment camps were officially called relocation centers. They are located in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. These internment camps were built because among these farmers who competed against Japanese labor and politicians who sided with anti-Japanese constituencies. This caused a frenzy and also heightened by the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor. More than two thirds of Japanese who were interned around spring 1942 were citizens of the United States. In Canada, similar evacuation orders were established. Around 23,000 Nikkei, in other words, Canadians of Japanese descent were sent to camps in B ritish Columbia. All those of Japanese descent were kept together in the United States, but in Canada male evacuees sent to work in road camps or on sugar beet projects. About 2,500 Japanese Americans and Japanese immigrants were interned in either camps on Oahu or in the mainland internment camps. The notice boards in certain communities on the western seaboard of the United States were titled Civilian Exclusion Order. These bulletins warned all residents of Japanese descent that they were moving out of their homes. Nobody knew where they were going to end up because the notice did not mention where their headed. Those summoned to the control station had to register the names of all family members. After that, they were told to show up at a certain time and place with all the entire family. They could only bring along baggage that was carried by hand for a trip to a destination unknown to the Japanese Americans. All family names were replaced by a number. They lost their identity once these numbers replaced their names. Families had less than 2 weeks to lease their property or sell everything. This is the moment of despair and humiliation for all Japanese Americans and Japanese immigrants to experience. Many Japanese American farmers owned land but now they had to give it all away. An acre on a Nisei farm was worth around $279.96 in 1942 but they had so little time to sell so an acre was worth $37.94 in 1942 in three states. The conditions of the United States internment camps were overcrowded and provided poor living conditions. In 1943, reports published by the War Relocation Authority, the administering agency, Japanese Americans were housed in tarpaper-covered barracks of simple frame construction without plumbing or cooking facilities. The buildings were poorly equipped for cramped living because these camps were built quickly by civilian contractors during the summer of 1942 based on the designs for military barracks. Coal was hard to come by and people slept under as many blankets as they found. Food was rationed out at an expense of 48 cents per internee and served by fellow internees in a mess hall of 250-300 people. Leadership positions within the camps were offered only to the Nisei, the American-born Japanese. The older generations were called the Issei, born in Japan. The third generation of Japanese American was called Sansei. They were forced to watch as the government promoted their child ren and ignored them. They only way for the internees to leave the concentration camps were if they enlisted in the United States Army. This offer did not go very well and only 1,200 internees chose to do so. Those who stayed were not given another choice and forced to live in the internment camps. People worked in the camp offices worked for 44-hours a week, and were paid $8 to $16 dollars per month. Education was provided by the WRA for all school age residents of the relocation centers. The courses were already planned and hired teachers who assisted the state departments of education. Vocational training was provided at the relocation center for communication with the adults. This training was for the evacuees who were able to play a more effective role in agriculture or industry outside the centers. Consumer enterprises were established at the relocation center for internees to purchase goods and services which were not provided by the WRA. Religion was practiced at the relocation centers. Nearly half of the evacuees were Christian. Some Japanese Americans questioned their American loyalties after the government removed them from their homes and held them in internment camps. Although, there are some Japanese American people who still remained loyal to the United States. About 5,589 internees wished to renounce their U.S. citizenship and 1,327 were sent back to Japan. Issei refused to renounce their only citizenship because when the people were asked to renounce their Japanese citizenship would make them a stateless person. Japanese immigrants migrated before the Europeans, and like the Chinese, were not allowed to become U.S. citizens. Japanese immigrants were Asians classified as aliens ineligible to citizenships. Most internees were evacuated from their West Coast homes on short notice and were not told of their destination. Many people failed to pack appropriate clothing for Wyoming winters which often the temperature reached below zero Fahrenheit. Many families were forced to take the clothes on their backs. Armed guards were posted at the camps desolate areas far from the population centers. Internees were allowed to stay with their families and treated well unless they violated the rules. There were guards who shot internees who reportedly attempted to walk outside the fences. Not many camp administrators allowed free movement outside the marked boundaries of the camps. Almost a quarter of the internees left the camps to live and work elsewhere in the United States. Some returned to their hometowns in the exclusion zone but under supervision of an American family or agency that was trustworthy. There were requirements for evacuees to leave a relocation center for either taking a job or establishing normal residence. The first requirement is to check the evacuees behavior at the relocation center and other information from the WRA. If there is any evidence that the evacuee would endanger the nation he or she was denied leave. The second requirement was that officials or citizens must have a reasonable reason where the evacuee planned to settle. Only those who had a place to go or any means of support was granted leave. The last requirement was that evacuees must keep WRA informed of any change of job or address. Japanese Americans were finally free to return to their homes on December 17, 1944. Their homes were marked by the vigilante violence and agitation of pressure group. Most of the internment camps did not close until October 1946. The U.S. government enacted the Civil Liberties Act. The commission on Wartime Relocation and internment of Civilians issued a report declaring that there are no military necessities and recommended a public apology. In that time, about half of the 120,000 internees had passed away. They never got the chance to live and died for something that is not their fault. After the Japanese Americans were released, those who caused them pain did not apologize on the behalf of their actions. The Japanese Americans feel angry because those who caused them pain treat them like nothing.